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【作者】庄子【朝代】先秦

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”

庖丁为文惠君解牛，手之所触，肩之所倚，足之所履，膝之所踦，砉然向然，奏刀騞然，莫不中音。
合于《桑林》之舞，乃中《经首》之会。

　　文惠君曰：“嘻，善哉！技盖至此乎？”
　　庖丁释刀对曰：“臣之所好者道也，进乎技矣。
始臣之解牛之时，所见无非牛者。
三年之后，未尝见全牛也。
方今之时，臣以神遇而不以目视，官知止而神欲行。
依乎天理，批大郤，导大窾，因其固然，技经肯綮之未尝，而况大軱乎！良庖岁更刀，割也；族庖月更刀，折也。
今臣之刀十九年矣，所解数千牛矣，而刀刃若新发于硎。
彼节者有间，而刀刃者无厚；以无厚入有间，恢恢乎其于游刃必有余地矣，是以十九年而刀刃若新发于硎。
虽然，每至于族，吾见其难为，怵然为戒，视为止，行为迟。
动刀甚微，謋然已解，如土委地。
提刀而立，为之四顾，为之踌躇满志，善刀而藏之。
”
　　文惠君曰：“善哉！吾闻庖丁之言，得养生焉。
”

译文注释

庖丁给梁惠王宰牛。手接触的地方，肩膀倚靠的地方，脚踩的地方，膝盖顶的地方，哗哗作响，进刀时豁豁地，没有不合音律的：合乎（汤时）《桑林》舞乐的节拍，又合乎（尧时）《经首》乐曲的节奏。梁惠王说：嘻，好啊！（你解牛的）技术怎么竟会高超到这种程度啊？庖丁放下刀回答说：臣下所注重探究的，是解牛的规律，已经超过一般的技术了。起初我宰牛的时候，眼里看到的是一只完整的牛；几年以后，再未见过完整的牛了。现在，我凭精神和牛接触，而不用眼睛去看，感官停止了而精神在活动。依照牛的生理上的天然结构，砍入牛体筋骨相接的缝隙，顺着骨节间的空处进刀，依照牛体本来的构造，筋脉经络相连的地方和筋骨结合的地方，尚且不曾拿刀碰到过，更何况大骨呢！技术好的厨师每年更换一把刀，是用刀割断筋肉割坏的（就像我们用刀割绳子一样）；技术一般的厨师每月就得更换一把刀，是砍断骨头而将刀砍坏的。如今，我的刀用了十九年，所宰的牛有几千头了，但刀刃锋利得就像刚在磨刀石上磨好的一样。那牛的骨节有间隙，而刀刃很薄；用很薄的刀刃插入有空隙的骨节，宽宽绰绰地，那么刀刃的运转必然是有余地的啊！因此，十九年来，刀刃还像刚从磨刀石上磨出来的一样。即使是这样，每当碰到筋骨交错聚结的地方，我看到那里很难下刀，就小心翼翼地提高警惕，视力集中到一点，动作缓慢下来，动起刀来非常轻，豁啦一声，牛的骨和肉一下子就解开了，就像泥土散落在地上一样。我提着刀站立起来，为此举目四望，为此悠然自得，心满意足，然后把刀擦抹干净，收藏起来。梁惠王说：好啊！我听了庖丁的这番话，懂得了养生的道理了。

︾查看更多︽收起更多

译文注释

庖丁：名丁的厨工。先秦古书往往以职业放在人名前。
文惠君：即梁惠王，也称魏惠王。
解牛：宰牛，这里指把整个牛体开剥分剖。
踦：支撑，接触。这里指用一条腿的膝盖顶牛。
砉然：象声词。砉然，皮骨相离的声音。向，通响。
騞然：象声词，形容比砉然更大的进刀解牛声。
桑林：传说中商汤时的乐曲名。
经首：传说中尧乐曲《咸池》中的一章。
会：指节奏。以上两句互文，即乃合于桑林、经首之舞之会之意。
嘻：赞叹声。
盖：通盍，何，怎样。
进：超过。
官知：这里指视觉。
神欲：指精神活动。
天理：指牛的生理上的天然结构。
批大郤：击入大的缝隙。
批：击。
郤：空隙。
导大窾：顺着（骨节间的）空处进刀。
因：依。
固然：指牛体本来的结构。
技经：犹言经络。技，据清俞樾考证，当是枝字之误，指支脉。经，经脉。
肯：紧附在骨上的肉。
綮：筋肉聚结处。技经肯綮之未尝，即未尝技经肯綮的宾语前置。
軱：股部的大骨。
割：这里指生割硬砍。
族：众，指一般的。
折：用刀折骨。
发：出。
硎：磨刀石。
节：骨节。
间：间隙。
恢恢乎：宽绰的样子。
族：指筋骨交错聚结处。
怵然：警惧的样子。
謋：象声词。骨肉离开的声音。
委地：散落在地上。
善：揩拭。
养生：指养生之道。

来源：

赏析

作者原意是用它来说明养生之道的，借此揭示了做人做事都要顺应自然规律的道理。全文可分四段。第一段写庖丁解牛的熟练动作和美妙音响；第二段紧接着写文惠君的夸赞，从侧面烘托庖丁技艺的精湛；第三段是庖丁对文惠君的解答，庖丁主要讲述了自己达于道境的三个阶段；第四段写文惠君听后领悟了养生的道理。此文在写作上采用多种手法，结构严密，语言生动简练，体现了庄子文章汪洋恣肆的特点。第一段惟妙惟肖的解牛描写。作者以浓重的笔墨，文采斐然地表现出庖丁解牛时神情之悠闲，动作之和谐。全身手、肩、足、膝并用，触、倚、踩、抵相互配合，一切都显得那么协调潇洒。砉然响... >>

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