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【作者】苏轼【朝代】宋

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孔

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ér

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bù

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fū

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：“

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。

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jiàn

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jūn

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子

。”

fū

夫

zǐ

子

yóu

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rán

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ér

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xiào

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yuē

曰

：“

huí

回

，

shǐ

使

ěr

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多

cái

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，

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。”

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。

nǎi

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zhī

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gōng

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zhī

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fù

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guì

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，

yǒu

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bù

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。

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，

yǐ

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、

cài

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zhī

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qīn

亲

ér

而

bù

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zhī

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qí

其

xīn

心

，

zé

则

zhōu

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gōng

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shuí

谁

yǔ

与

lè

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qí

其

fù

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guì

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？

ér

而

fū

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zǐ

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zhī

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zé

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，

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zhī

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dú

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shū

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，

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rén

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kē

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愈

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之

tú

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；

ér

而

yòu

又

yǒu

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méi

梅

gōng

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zhě

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cóng

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之

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ér

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，

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，

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wú

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lái

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yǐ

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yáng

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yǐ

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néng

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wèi

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wén

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yě

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ér

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qǔ

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，

shì

是

yǐ

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zài

在

cǐ

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。

fēi

非

zuǒ

左

yòu

右

wèi

为

zhī

之

xiān

先

róng

容

，

fēi

非

qīn

亲

jiù

旧

wèi

为

zhī

之

qǐng

请

shǔ

属

，

ér

而

xiàng

向

zhī

之

shí

十

yú

余

nián

年

jiān

间

，

wén

闻

qí

其

míng

名

ér

而

bù

不

dé

得

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zhāo

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wèi

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知

jǐ

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。

tuì

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思

zhī

之

，

rén

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bù

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fù

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guì

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，

yì

亦

bù

不

kě

可

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tú

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pín

贫

jiàn

贱

。

yǒu

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dà

大

xián

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ér

而

wèi

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qí

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tú

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，

zé

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足

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yǐ

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。

gǒu

苟

qí

其

jiǎo

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一

shí

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之

xìng

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，

cóng

从

chē

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qí

骑

shù

数

shí

十

rén

人

，

shǐ

使

lǘ

闾

xiàng

巷

xiǎo

小

mín

民

，

jù

聚

guān

观

ér

而

zàn

tàn

叹

zhī

之

，

yì

亦

hé

何

yǐ

以

yì

易

cǐ

此

lè

乐

yě

也

。

《

chuán

传

》

yuē

曰

：“

bù

不

yuàn

怨

tiān

天

，

bù

不

yóu

尤

rén

人

。”

gài

盖

“

yōu

优

zāi

哉

yóu

游

zāi

哉

，

kě

可

yǐ

以

zú

卒

suì

岁

”。

zhí

执

shì

事

míng

名

mǎn

满

tiān

天

xià

下

，

ér

而

wèi

位

bù

不

guò

过

wǔ

五

pǐn

品

。

qí

其

róng

容

sè

色

wēn

温

rán

然

ér

而

bù

不

nù

怒

，

qí

其

wén

文

zhāng

章

kuān

宽

hòu

厚

dūn

敦

piáo

朴

ér

而

wú

无

yuàn

怨

yán

言

，

cǐ

此

bì

必

yǒu

有

suǒ

所

lè

乐

hū

乎

sī

斯

dào

道

yě

也

。

shì

轼

yuàn

愿

yù

与

wén

闻

yān

焉

。

轼每读《诗》至《鸱枭》，读《书》至《君奭》，常窃悲周公之不遇。及观《史》，见孔子厄于陈、蔡之间，而弦歌之声不绝，颜渊、仲由之徒相与问答。夫子曰：“‘匪兕匪虎，率彼旷野’，吾道非邪，吾何为于此？”颜渊曰：“夫子之道至大，故天下莫能容。虽然，不容何病？不容然后见君子。”夫子油然而笑曰：“回，使尔多财，吾为尔宰。”夫天下虽不能容，而其徒自足以相乐如此。乃今知周公之富贵，有不如夫子之贫贱。夫以召公之贤，以管、蔡之亲而不知其心，则周公谁与乐其富贵？而夫子之所与共贫贱者，皆天下之贤才，则亦足以乐乎！轼七、八岁时，始知读书，闻今天下有欧阳公者，其为人如古孟轲、韩愈之徒；而又有梅公者，从之游，而与之上下其议论。其后益壮，始能读其文词，想见其为人，意其飘然脱去世俗之乐，而自乐其乐也。方学为对偶声律之文，求斗升之禄，自度无以进见于诸公之间。来京师逾年，未尝窥其门。今年春，天下之士，群至于礼部，执事与欧阳公实亲试之。诚不自意，获在第二。既而闻之，执事爱其文，以为有孟轲之风；而欧阳公亦以其能不为世俗之文也而取，是以在此。非左右为之先容，非亲旧为之请属，而向之十余年间，闻其名而不得见者，一朝为知己。退而思之，人不可以苟富贵，亦不可以徒贫贱。有大贤焉而为其徒，则亦足恃矣。苟其侥一时之幸，从车骑数十人，使闾巷小民，聚观而赞叹之，亦何以易此乐也。《传》曰：“不怨天，不尤人。”盖“优哉游哉，可以卒岁”。执事名满天下，而位不过五品。其容色温然而不怒，其文章宽厚敦朴而无怨言，此必有所乐乎斯道也。轼愿与闻焉。

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译文注释

我每次读到《诗经》的《鸱枭》篇，读到《尚书》的《君奭》篇，经常暗自感叹周公不被世人理解。后来我读了《史记》，看到孔子在陈国和蔡国遭遇困厄，然而弹琴唱歌的声音却没有断绝的记述。颜渊、仲由等弟子和孔子相互问答。孔子说：并非犀牛，并非老虎，却奔逃于荒野之上。难道我推行的道义不正确吗？为何我会落到这般田地？颜渊说：老师您推行的道义太宏大，所以天下没有人可以接受。即使这样，道义不被接受又有什么可忧虑的呢？不被接受，才更能显出您是君子。孔子轻松地笑道：颜回，假如你有很多财富，我就会做你的管家。天下人虽然不能接受孔子的道义，但他和弟子们居然能够感到满足，彼此相处快乐。我现在才知道周公的富贵比不上孔子的贫贱。凭借召公的贤明，管叔、蔡叔的亲近，还不能理解周公的心思，那么周公与谁共享那富贵的欢乐呢？而与孔子共同过着贫贱生活的人，都是天下的贤能之士，这就足够快乐了！我七八岁的时候，才知道读书。听说当今天下有位欧阳公，他为人像古时的孟轲、韩愈那类人。又有一位梅公，和欧阳公交游往来，而且与他相互讨论文章，或发挥或商榷。后来我长大几岁，才能够阅读先生们的文章，想像先生们的为人，觉得他们应当能够摆脱世俗的乐趣而自得其乐。当时我正在学习讲究对偶声律的诗文，想谋得一些微薄的俸禄，自认为没有什么资格拜见诸位先生前辈，所以来到京城一年多，不曾登门拜访过。今年春天，天下的读书人汇集于礼部，您与欧阳公亲自主持考试。不料，我居然高中第二名。不久我又听说，您喜爱我的文章，认为有孟轲的文风，而欧阳公也因为我不做流于世俗的文章而录取我。所以，我得以位于及第之列，既不是先生的手下举荐我，也不是亲朋好友为我请托，之前十几年只听过名声而不得相见的人，朝夕之间居然成为了我的知己。回来后我思量这件事，认为人不能苟且于富贵之中，但也不应徒劳于贫贱的生活。有大贤人在此而能成为他的门生，也足够使人找到依靠了。倘若一时侥幸做了大官，让数十个乘着车马的侍从跟随着，让乡里闾巷的百姓围观称赞，也不能代替这种与大贤人相知相遇的快乐啊！《论语》说：不抱怨老天，不埋怨他人，因为悠然自得，可以尽享天年。您名满天下，而官衔不过五品，神态温和而没有怒色，文章宽厚淳朴而没有怨言，这一定有乐于此道的原因，我希望能够听到您的高见。

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译文注释

梅直讲：北宋著名诗人梅尧臣，时任国子监直讲。《诗》：《诗经》。《鸱鸮》：《诗经豳风》中的篇名。旧说周成王对周公东征武庚、管叔、蔡叔的叛乱不理解，周公作此诗，以明心志。《书》：《尚书》。《君奭》：《尚书》中的篇名。
君：尊称。
奭：召公，姓姬，名奭，是周文王的庶子，和周公共同辅佐成王。旧说他怀疑周公有政治野心，周公作《君奭》，以明心志。
不遇：不为人所理解。
孔子厄于陈蔡之间：据《史记孔子世家》：孔子晚年居于陈、蔡之间，楚国欲聘之。陈、蔡大夫恐以后不利于己，乃相与发徒役围孔子于野。不得行，绝粮，从者病，莫能兴。孔子讲诵弦歌不辍。
弦歌：弹琴诵诗。
颜渊：名回，字子渊，孔子的学生。
仲由：字子路，孔子的学生。匪兕匪虎，
率彼旷野：语出《诗经小雅何草不黄》。
匪：通非。
兕：古代称犀牛一类的兽。
率：这里指来往奔波。
病：担忧。
油然：自然而然的样子。
使：假使。
宰：这里指家臣。
管蔡：即管叔和蔡叔。管叔名鲜，蔡叔名度，都是周公之弟。
谁与：与谁。
欧阳公：指欧阳修。
公：对人之尊称。
孟轲：即孟子，字子舆，战国时邹（今山东邹城）人。
韩愈：字退之。唐代著名文学家。
梅公：指梅尧臣。
对偶声律之文：指诗赋。
升斗之禄：指俸禄少的小官吏。
窥其门：登门拜访。
礼部：官署名，掌管礼教和学校贡举等事。
执事：原指侍从左右供差遣的人。此指梅尧臣，不直称对方，表示尊敬。
左右：指欧阳修、梅圣俞身边亲近的人。
先容：事先致意或介绍推荐。
属：通嘱，托付。
向：往昔。
苟富贵：苟且地享受富贵。
徒贫贱：无所作为地过贫贱生活。
传曰：《左传》上说。下引文见《论语宪问》。
尤：归咎。优哉游哉，
可以卒岁：《左传襄公二十一年》作《诗》曰优哉游哉，聊以卒岁。
优游：悠闲自得的样子。
卒岁：度过岁月。

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作者：佚名

　　苏轼的《上梅直讲书》是书信体的应用文。那一年他在礼部考试中得到第二名，循例要向所有考官分别写感谢信。梅尧臣位分不高，本来不一定能参与到阅卷工作中... 古诗文网>>

作者介绍

苏轼（1037年1月8日－1101年8月24日），字子瞻，号“东坡居士”，世称“苏东坡”。汉族，眉州人。北宋诗人、词人，宋代文学家，是豪放派词人的主要代表之一，“唐宋八大家”之一。在政治上属于旧党，但也有改革弊政的要求。其文汪洋恣肆，明白畅达，其诗题材广泛，内容丰富，现存诗3900余首。代表作品有《水调歌头·中秋》、《赤壁赋》、《江城子·乙卯正月二十日夜记梦》、《记承天寺夜游》等。百科详情>>

上梅直讲书

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