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上枢密韩太尉书

【作者】苏辙【朝代】宋

拼音

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yòu

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xìng

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yǐ

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！

太尉执事：辙生好为文，思之至深。以为文者气之所形，然文不可以学而能，气可以养而致。孟子曰：“吾善养吾浩然之气。”今观其文章，宽厚宏博，充乎天地之间，称其气之小大。太史公行天下，周览四海名山大川，与燕、赵间豪俊交游，故其文疏荡，颇有奇气。此二子者，岂尝执笔学为如此之文哉？其气充乎其中而溢乎其貌，动乎其言而见乎其文，而不自知也。
辙生十有九年矣。其居家所与游者，不过其邻里乡党之人；所见不过数百里之间，无高山大野可登览以自广；百氏之书，虽无所不读，然皆古人之陈迹，不足以激发其志气。恐遂汩没，故决然舍去，求天下奇闻壮观，以知天地之广大。过秦、汉之故都，恣观终南、嵩、华之高，北顾黄河之奔流，慨然想见古之豪杰。至京师，仰观天子宫阙之壮，与仓廪、府库、城池、苑囿之富且大也，而后知天下之巨丽。见翰林欧阳公，听其议论之宏辩，观其容貌之秀伟，与其门人贤士大夫游，而后知天下之文章聚乎此也。太尉以才略冠天下，天下之所恃以无忧，四夷之所惮以不敢发，入则周公、召公，出则方叔、召虎。而辙也未之见焉。
且夫人之学也，不志其大，虽多而何为？辙之来也，于山见终南、嵩、华之高，于水见黄河之大且深，于人见欧阳公，而犹以为未见太尉也。故愿得观贤人之光耀，闻一言以自壮，然后可以尽天下之大观而无憾者矣。
辙年少，未能通习吏事。向之来，非有取于斗升之禄，偶然得之，非其所乐。然幸得赐归待选，便得优游数年之间，将归益治其文，且学为政。太尉苟以为可教而辱教之，又幸矣！

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译文注释讲解背景知识锦囊

太尉执事：苏辙生性喜好写文章，对此想得很深。我认为文章是气的外在体现，然而文章不是单靠学习就能写好的，气却可以通过培养而得到。孟子说：“我善于培养我的浩然之气。”现在看他的文章，宽大厚重宏伟博大，充塞于天地之间，同他气的大小相衬。司马迁走遍天下，广览四海名山大川，与燕、赵之间的英豪俊杰交友，所以他的文章疏放不羁，颇有奇伟之气。这两个人，难道曾经执笔学写这种文章吗？这是因为他们的气充满在内心而溢露到外貌，发于言语而表现为文章，自己却并没有觉察到。
　　苏辙出生已经十九年了。我住在家里时，所交往的，不过是邻居同乡这一类人。所看到的，不过是几百里之内的景物，没有高山旷野可以登临观览以开阔自己的心胸。诸子百家的书，虽然无所不读，但是都是古人过去的东西，不能激发自己的志气。我担心就此而被埋没，所以断然离开家乡，去寻求天下的奇闻壮观，以便了解天地的广大。我经过秦朝、汉朝的故都，尽情观览终南山、嵩山、华山的高峻，向北眺望黄河奔腾的急流，深有感慨地想起了古代的英雄豪杰。到了京城，抬头看到天子宫殿的壮丽，以及粮仓、府库、城池、苑囿的富庶而且巨大，这才知道天下的广阔富丽。见到翰林学士欧阳公，聆听了他宏大雄辩的议论，看到了他秀美奇伟的容貌，同他的学生贤士大夫交游，这才知道天下的文章都汇聚在这里。太尉以雄才大略称冠天下，全国人依靠您而无忧无虑，四方异族国家惧怕您而不敢侵犯，在朝廷之内像周公、召公一样辅君有方，领兵出征像方叔、召虎一样御敌立功。可是我至今还未见到您呢。
　　况且一个人的学习，如果不是有志于大的方面，即使学了很多又有什么用呢？苏辙这次来，对于山，看到了终南山、嵩山、华山的高峻；对于水，看到了黄河的深广；对于人，看到了欧阳公；可是仍以没有谒见您而为一件憾事。所以希望能够一睹贤人的风采，就是听到您的一句话也足以激发自己雄心壮志，这样就算看遍了天下的壮观而不会再有什么遗憾了。
　　苏辙年纪很轻，还没能够通晓做官的事情。先前来京应试，并不是为了谋取微薄的俸禄，偶然得到了它，也不是自己所喜欢的。然而有幸得到恩赐还乡，等待吏部的选用，使我能够有几年空闲的时间，将用来更好地研习文章，并且学习从政之道。太尉假如认为我还可以教诲而屈尊教导我的话，那我就更感到幸运了。

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译文注释讲解背景知识锦囊

执事：侍从。
文者气之所形。然文不可以学而能，气可以养而致：文章是由气形成的，然而文章不能靠学来达到好，气质却可以靠加强修养得到它。
养：培养。
浩然之气：正大刚直的气质。
宽厚宏博：宽大厚重宏伟博大。
充：充满。
称：相称，符合。
周览：饱览。
豪俊交游：豪杰来往。
疏荡：洒脱而不拘束。
颇：很。
奇气：奇特的气概。
岂尝：难道，曾经。
气充乎其中：精神气质充满在他们的胸中。
而溢乎其貌：洋溢在他们的外表。
动乎其言：反映在他们的言辞里。
而见乎其文：表现在他们的文章中。
游：交往。
乡党：乡里。
自广：扩大自己的视野。
陈迹：陈旧的东西。
以：用来。
其：我。
治：研习。
遂汩没：因而埋没。
决然舍去：毅然离开。
求：探求。
奇闻壮观：奇异的事物和宏伟的景象。
广大：广阔。
恣观：尽情观赏。
高：高峻。
顾：看到。
奔流：奔腾流泻。
慨然想见：感慨的想到。
仰观：瞻仰。
壮：壮丽。
仓廪：粮仓。
苑囿：猎苑。
富：富丽。
大：广大。
巨丽：极其美好。
宏辩：宏伟善辩。
秀伟：秀美魁梧。
聚：聚集。
以才略冠天下，天下之所恃以无忧：凭借才能谋略天下第一全国人依靠他可以无忧无虑。
四夷之所惮以不敢发：四方夷人害怕你才不敢作乱。
而：可是。
焉：啊。
不志其大，虽多而何为：没有立下大志，即使学得多又有什么用。
大：浩大。
深：深远。
而犹以为未见太尉也：却还是因为没有见到太尉（感到遗憾）。
观：看到。
光耀：风采。
闻一言以自壮：听到你的一句话来激励自己。
尽：看尽。
大观：雄伟景象。
通习吏事：通晓官吏的业务。
向：先前。
斗升之禄：微薄的俸禄。
赐归待选：朝廷允许回乡等待朝廷的选拔。
优游：从容闲暇。
益治：更加研究。
且学为政：并且学习治理政务。
苟：如果。
辱教之：屈尊教导我。
幸：幸运。

来源：古诗文网

译文注释讲解背景知识锦囊

正文分为四段。第一段，先从作文当有养气之功谈起，明确提出：“以为文者，气之所形”，文章是“气”的表现。气，指人的修养、气质、精神力量。接着提出总领全文的“养气”说。“气可以养而致”：“气”，可以通过加强修养而得到。在具体阐述“养气”说的时候，作者引古人事例作了说明。一是孟子的“我善养吾浩然之气”。“浩然之气”：即博大刚正之气。作者认为，孟子的文章，内容宽厚宏博，并且充溢在天地之中，正是跟他的“气”的大小相称。这实际上强调的是内在修养问题。二是司马迁。作者认为司马迁遍游天下，知多见广，所以他的文章风格疏放潇洒，跌宕多姿，颇有奇气。这实际上是强调外在阅历问题。最后，作者总结道，孟子、司马迁二人的文章，都不是学出来的，而是因为“气”充满在他们心中。这段论述很周严。第二段，就自身经历进一步对“养气”说展开论述。作者有前后不同的两种学习经历。第一种是交游不广、见闻不博，只学古人陈旧过时的东西。第二种是“求天下奇闻壮观，以知天地之广大”。作者在谈到第二种学习经历时，列举了四个事实：一是经过秦汉故都，尽情观赏；二是眺望黄河，想像着古时的英雄人物；三是到了京城，饱览一切，知道了天地的广阔、美丽；四是谒见了欧阳公，知道天下的好文章都汇集在这里。归纳起来，实际上是游览天下名山大川，广交天下的文人学士。而这两样，实际上说的都是外在的阅历，可见，苏辙是更重视外在的阅历的。写信的目的是想要求韩琦接见，文章至此，却还只字未提。第三段：由上文欧阳公，自然引出韩琦。这一段主要是颂扬韩琦。表明欲见之意。“才略冠天下”，才能谋略位居天下第一。“入则周公、召公，出则方叔、召虎”，是说韩琦在内政方面有如周、召二公之贤，在领兵方面就像方叔、召虎那样能干。“不志其大”：志，有志于。这段最后“故愿得观贤人之光耀，闻一言以自壮，然后可以尽天下之大观而无憾者矣”，明确求见之意。第四段，再次自明志气，再次表明求见之意。“益治”：进一步钻研。“且学为政”，并且学习治理政事。“辱教”，屈尊指教。这一段特别申明入京师“非有取于斗升之禄”，可见其志向宏大。

译文注释讲解背景知识锦囊

公元1056年，苏轼、苏辙随父亲去京师，在京城得到了当时文坛盟主欧阳修的赏识。第二年，苏轼、苏辙兄弟高中进士，“三苏”之名遂享誉天下。苏辙在高中进士后给当时的枢密使韩琦写了一封信，这就是《上枢密韩太尉书》。苏辙想通过这封信来打动韩琦，从而得到他的接见和赏识。

译文注释讲解背景 知识锦囊

文者气之所形。然文不可以学而能，气可以养而致：文章是由气形成的，然而文章不能靠学来达到好，气质却可以靠加强修养得到它。

文章在称谓问题。为了表示尊重，不直呼对方，而称“太尉执事”。“执事”，左右的人。这是表示谦谨的说法。

苏辙在《上枢密韩太尉书》中认为提高写作能力的途径，就是要养气成功;要养气成功就要增加阅历，扩大交游，深入接触社会生活。

苏辙写信给韩琦的目的是希望得到韩琦的接见，但作者并没有把它写成干巴巴的“干谒”(求见大官)的文字。信中写养气，写阅历，既是表达作者对文章写作的见解，又是为表达结识韩琦的愿望作铺垫。

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此文苏辙19岁时写韩琦的信。选自《栾城集》卷二十二。枢密韩太尉（即韩琦），当时任枢密使（掌管军事大权）。“太尉”，秦、汉时官名，掌兵权。枢密使相当于太尉，所以称韩琦为太尉。作者写这封信的目的，是希望得到韩琦的接见。一个是刚刚考取进士的青年，一个是掌管全国军权的大官，怎么开口下笔呢?
首先是称谓问题。为了表示尊重，不直呼对方，而称“太尉执事”。“执事”，左右的人。这是表示谦谨的说法。
正文分为四段。第一段，先从作文当有养气之功谈起，明确提出：“以为文者，气之所形”，文章是“气”的表现。气，指人的修养、气质、精神力... 古诗文网>>

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创作背景

作者：佚名

　　公元1056年，苏轼、苏辙兄弟随父亲去京师，在京城得到了当时文坛盟主欧阳修的赏识。第二年，苏轼、苏辙兄弟高中进士，“三苏”之名遂享誉天下。苏... 古诗文网>>

作者介绍

苏辙（1039—1112年），汉族，眉州眉山（今属四川）人。嘉祐二年（1057）与其兄苏轼同登进士科。神宗朝，为制置三司条例司属官。因反对王安石变法，出为河南推官。哲宗时，召为秘书省校书郎。元祐元年为右司谏，历官御史中丞、尚书右丞、门下侍郎因事忤哲宗及元丰诸臣，出知汝州，贬筠州、再谪雷州安置，移循州。徽宗立，徙永州、岳州复太中大夫，又降居许州，致仕。自号颍滨遗老。卒，谥文定。唐宋八大家之一，与父洵、兄轼齐名，合称三苏。百科详情>>

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