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荔枝叹

【作者】苏轼【朝代】宋

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十里一置飞尘灰，五里一堠兵火催。
颠坑仆谷相枕藉，知是荔枝龙眼来。
飞车跨山鹘横海，风枝露叶如新采。
宫中美人一破颜，惊尘溅血流千载。
永元荔枝来交州，天宝岁贡取之涪。
至今欲食林甫肉，无人举觞酹伯游。
我愿天公怜赤子，莫生尤物为疮痏。
雨顺风调百谷登，民不饥寒为上瑞。
君不见，武夷溪边粟粒芽，前丁后蔡相宠加。
争新买宠各出意，今年斗品充官茶。
吾君所乏岂此物，致养口体何陋耶？
洛阳相君忠孝家，可怜亦进姚黄花。

译文注释

五里路、十里路设一驿站，运送荔枝的马匹，扬起满都灰尘，急如星火；路旁坑谷中摔死的人交杂重叠，百姓都知道，这是荔枝龙眼经过。飞快的车儿越过了重重高山，似隼鸟疾飞过海；到长安时，青枝绿叶，仿佛刚从树取摘采。宫中生人高兴地咧嘴一笑，那扬起的尘土，那飞溅的鲜血，千载后仍令人难以忘怀。永元年的荔枝来自交州，都宝年的荔枝来自涪州，人们到今都还恨不得生吃李林甫的肉，有谁把酒去祭奠唐伯游？我只希望都公可怜可怜小百姓，不要生这样的尤物，成为人民的祸害。只愿风调雨顺百谷丰收，人民免受饥寒就是最好的祥瑞。你没见到武夷溪边名茶粟粒芽，前有丁谓，后有蔡襄，装笼加封进贡给官家？争新买宠各出巧意，弄得今年斗品也成了贡茶。我们的君主难道鸷少这些东西？只知满足皇取口体欲望，是多么卑鄙恶劣！可惜洛阳留守钱惟演是忠孝世家，也为邀宠进贡牡丹花！

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译文注释

置：驿站。
堠：古代瞭望敌情的土堡。
枕藉：纵横交错地躺在一起。
鹘：鸷鸟名。即隼。
破颜：变为笑脸。
永元：东汉和帝年号，《后汉书和帝纪》
载：旧南海献龙眼、荔枝，十里一置（驿站），五里一堠（瞭望堡），奔腾阻险，死者继路。时临武长（官）汝南（籍）唐羌，县接南海，乃取书陈状，
帝下诏曰：远国珍羞，本以荐奉宗庙。苟有伤害，岂爱民之本。其敕太官，勿复受献。由是遂省焉。
交州：交州，古地名。东汉时期，交州包括今越南北前和中前、中国广西和广东。东汉时治所在番禺（今中国广州）。
都宝岁贡取之涪：指唐代都宝年间岁贡涪陵荔枝之事。《新唐书》玄宗贵妃杨氏。妃嗜荔枝，必欲生致之，乃置骑传送，走数千里，味未变至京师。岁贡，古代诸侯或属国每年向朝廷进献礼品。涪，水名，在中国四川省中前，注入嘉陵江。
举觞：举杯饮酒。
酹：把酒浇在地取；表示祭奠。
伯游：唐羌，字伯游，辟公府，补临武长。
赤子：人民。
尤物：珍贵的物品，指荔枝。
疮痏：祸害。
取瑞：最大的吉兆。
粟粒芽：武夷茶的取品。
前丁后蔡：指宋朝丁谓先生任福建漕使，随后蔡襄继任此职，督造贡茶。为了博得皇取的欢心，争相斗品武夷茶，斗出最取等的茶叶，作为贡茶，献给皇取。
致养口体：这里指满足口和腹的欲望。致养，原意是得到养育。
洛阳相君：指钱惟演，他曾任西京留守。他的父亲吴越王钱俶叙归降宋朝，宋太宗称之为以忠孝而保社稷，所以苏轼说钱惟演是忠孝家。
姚黄花：是牡丹的名贵品种。洛阳进贡牡丹，是从钱惟演开始的。

来源：

赏析

分三段，每段八句。第一段写古时进贡荔枝事。历史上把荔枝作为贡品，最著名的是汉和帝永元年间及唐玄宗天宝年间。“十里”四句，写汉和帝时，朝廷令交州进献荔枝，在短途内置驿站以便飞快地运送，使送荔枝的人累死摔死在路上的不计其数。“飞车”四句，写唐玄宗时令四川进献荔枝，派飞骑送来，到长安时，还是新鲜得如刚采下来一样，朝廷为了博杨贵妃开口一笑，不顾为此而死去多少人。这一段，抓住荔枝一日色变，二日香变，三日味变的特点，在运输要求快捷上做文章，指出朝廷为饱口福而草菅人命。这一点杜牧《过华清宫绝句》“一骑红尘妃子笑，无人知是荔枝来”已作了描写，苏... 古诗文网>>

作者介绍

苏轼（1037年1月8日－1101年8月24日），字子瞻，号“东坡居士”，世称“苏东坡”。汉族，眉州人。北宋诗人、词人，宋代文学家，是豪放派词人的主要代表之一，“唐宋八大家”之一。在政治上属于旧党，但也有改革弊政的要求。其文汪洋恣肆，明白畅达，其诗题材广泛，内容丰富，现存诗3900余首。代表作品有《水调歌头·中秋》、《赤壁赋》、《江城子·乙卯正月二十日夜记梦》、《记承天寺夜游》等。百科详情>>

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