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刑赏忠厚之至论

【作者】苏轼【朝代】宋

拼音

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qí

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。

qí

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duàn

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zhī

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xīn

心

，

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孔

子

yóu

犹

yǒu

有

qǔ

取

yān

焉

。

《

chuán

传

》

yuē

曰

：“

shǎng

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yí

疑

cóng

从

yǔ

与

，

suǒ

所

yǐ

以

guǎng

广

ēn

恩

yě

也

；

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所

yǐ

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shèn

慎

xíng

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yě

也

。

dāng

当

yáo

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shí

时

，

gāo

皋

táo

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wèi

为

shì

士

。

jiāng

将

shā

杀

rén

人

，

gāo

皋

táo

陶

yuē

曰

“

shā

杀

zhī

之

”

sān

三

，

yáo

尧

yuē

曰

“

yòu

宥

zhī

之

”

sān

三

。

gù

故

tiān

天

xià

下

wèi

畏

gāo

皋

táo

陶

zhí

执

fǎ

法

zhī

之

jiān

坚

，

ér

而

lè

乐

yáo

尧

yòng

用

xíng

刑

zhī

之

kuān

宽

。

sì

四

yuè

岳

yuē

曰

“

gǔn

鲧

kě

可

yòng

用

”，

yáo

尧

yuē

曰

“

bù

不

kě

可

，

gǔn

鲧

fāng

方

mìng

命

pǐ

圮

zú

族

”，

jì

既

ér

而

yuē

曰

“

shì

试

zhī

之

”。

hé

何

yáo

尧

zhī

之

bù

不

tīng

听

gāo

皋

táo

陶

zhī

之

shā

杀

rén

人

，

ér

而

cóng

从

sì

四

yuè

岳

zhī

之

yòng

用

gǔn

鲧

yě

也

？

rán

然

zé

则

shèng

圣

rén

人

zhī

之

yì

意

，

gài

盖

yì

亦

kě

可

jiàn

见

yǐ

矣

。

《

shū

书

》

yuē

曰

：“

zuì

罪

yí

疑

wéi

惟

qīng

轻

，

gōng

功

yí

疑

wéi

惟

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重

。

yǔ

与

qí

其

shā

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bù

不

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，

níng

宁

shī

失

bù

不

jīng

经

。”

wū

呜

hū

呼

，

jǐn

尽

zhī

之

yǐ

矣

。

kě

可

yǐ

以

shǎng

赏

，

kě

可

yǐ

以

wú

无

shǎng

赏

，

shǎng

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zhī

之

guò

过

hū

乎

rén

仁

；

kě

可

yǐ

以

fá

罚

，

kě

可

yǐ

以

wú

无

fá

罚

，

fá

罚

zhī

之

guò

过

hū

乎

yì

义

。

guò

过

hū

乎

rén

仁

，

bù

不

shī

失

wèi

为

jūn

君

子

；

guò

过

hū

乎

yì

义

，

zé

则

liú

流

ér

而

rù

入

yú

于

rěn

忍

rén

人

。

gù

故

rén

仁

kě

可

guò

过

yě

也

，

yì

义

bù

不

kě

可

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过

yě

也

。

gǔ

古

zhě

者

shǎng

赏

bù

不

yǐ

以

jué

爵

lù

禄

，

xíng

刑

bù

不

yǐ

以

dāo

刀

jù

锯

。

shǎng

赏

zhī

之

yǐ

以

jué

爵

lù

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，

shì

是

shǎng

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zhī

之

dào

道

héng

行

yú

于

jué

爵

lù

禄

zhī

之

suǒ

所

jiā

加

，

ér

而

bù

不

xíng

行

yú

于

jué

爵

lù

禄

zhī

之

suǒ

所

bù

不

jiā

加

yě

也

。

xíng

刑

zhī

之

yǐ

以

dāo

刀

jù

锯

，

shì

是

xíng

刑

zhī

之

wēi

威

shī

施

yú

于

dāo

刀

jù

锯

zhī

之

suǒ

所

jí

及

，

ér

而

bù

不

shī

施

yú

于

dāo

刀

jù

锯

zhī

之

suǒ

所

bù

不

jí

及

yě

也

。

xiān

先

wáng

王

zhī

知

tiān

天

xià

下

zhī

之

shàn

善

bù

不

shèng

胜

shǎng

赏

，

ér

而

jué

爵

lù

禄

bù

不

zú

足

yǐ

以

quàn

劝

yě

也

；

zhī

知

tiān

天

xià

下

zhī

之

恶

bù

不

shèng

胜

xíng

刑

，

ér

而

dāo

刀

jù

锯

bù

不

zú

足

yǐ

以

cái

裁

yě

也

。

shì

是

gù

故

yí

疑

zé

则

jǔ

举

ér

而

guī

归

zhī

之

yú

于

rén

仁

，

yǐ

以

jūn

君

子

zhǎng

长

zhě

者

zhī

之

dào

道

dài

待

tiān

天

xià

下

，

shǐ

使

tiān

天

xià

下

xiāng

相

shuài

率

ér

而

guī

归

yú

于

jūn

君

子

zhǎng

长

zhě

者

zhī

之

dào

道

。

gù

故

yuē

曰

：

zhōng

忠

hòu

厚

zhī

之

zhì

至

yě

也

。

《

shī

诗

》

yuē

曰

：“

jūn

君

子

rú

如

zhǐ

祉

，

luàn

乱

shù

庶

chuán

遄

yǐ

已

。

jūn

君

子

rú

如

nù

怒

，

luàn

乱

shù

庶

chuán

遄

jǔ

沮

。”

fū

夫

jūn

君

子

zhī

之

yǐ

已

luàn

乱

，

qǐ

岂

yǒu

有

yì

异

shù

术

zāi

哉

？

shí

时

qí

其

xǐ

喜

nù

怒

，

ér

而

wú

无

shī

失

hū

乎

rén

仁

ér

而

yǐ

已

yǐ

矣

。

《

chūn

春

qiū

秋

》

zhī

之

yì

义

，

lì

立

fǎ

法

guì

贵

yán

严

，

ér

而

zé

责

rén

人

guì

贵

kuān

宽

。

yīn

因

qí

其

bāo

褒

biǎn

贬

zhī

之

yì

义

，

yǐ

以

zhì

制

shǎng

赏

fá

罚

，

yì

亦

zhōng

忠

hòu

厚

zhī

之

zhì

至

yě

也

。

尧、舜、禹、汤、文、武、成、康之际，何其爱民之深，忧民之切，而待天下以君子长者之道也。有一善，从而赏之，又从而咏歌嗟叹之，所以乐其始而勉其终。有一不善，从而罚之，又从而哀矜惩创之，所以弃其旧而开其新。故其吁俞之声，欢忻惨戚，见于虞、夏、商、周之书。成、康既没，穆王立，而周道始衰，然犹命其臣吕侯，而告之以祥刑。其言忧而不伤，威而不怒，慈爱而能断，恻然有哀怜无辜之心，故孔子犹有取焉。
《传》曰：“赏疑从与，所以广恩也；罚疑从去，所以慎刑也。当尧之时，皋陶为士。将杀人，皋陶曰“杀之”三，尧曰“宥之”三。故天下畏皋陶执法之坚，而乐尧用刑之宽。四岳曰“鲧可用”，尧曰“不可，鲧方命圮族”，既而曰“试之”。何尧之不听皋陶之杀人，而从四岳之用鲧也？然则圣人之意，盖亦可见矣。
《书》曰：“罪疑惟轻，功疑惟重。与其杀不辜，宁失不经。”呜呼，尽之矣。可以赏，可以无赏，赏之过乎仁；可以罚，可以无罚，罚之过乎义。过乎仁，不失为君子；过乎义，则流而入于忍人。故仁可过也，义不可过也。古者赏不以爵禄，刑不以刀锯。赏之以爵禄，是赏之道行于爵禄之所加，而不行于爵禄之所不加也。刑之以刀锯，是刑之威施于刀锯之所及，而不施于刀锯之所不及也。先王知天下之善不胜赏，而爵禄不足以劝也；知天下之恶不胜刑，而刀锯不足以裁也。是故疑则举而归之于仁，以君子长者之道待天下，使天下相率而归于君子长者之道。故曰：忠厚之至也。
《诗》曰：“君子如祉，乱庶遄已。君子如怒，乱庶遄沮。”夫君子之已乱，岂有异术哉？时其喜怒，而无失乎仁而已矣。《春秋》之义，立法贵严，而责人贵宽。因其褒贬之义，以制赏罚，亦忠厚之至也。

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译文注释

唐尧、虞舜、夏禹、商汤、周文王、周武王、周成王、周康王的时候，他们是多么地深爱着百姓、深切地替百姓担忧，而且用君子长者的态度来对待天下人。有人做了一件好事，奖赏他之余，又用歌曲赞美他，为他有一个好开始而高兴，并勉励他坚持到底；有人做了一件不好的事，处罚他之余，又哀怜同情他，希望他抛弃错误而开始新生。欢喜和忧伤的感情，同意和不同意的声音，见于虞、夏、商、周的历史书籍里。成王、康王死后，穆王继承王位，周朝的王道便开始衰落。然而穆王还是吩咐大臣吕侯，告诫他使用“祥刑”。他说的话忧愁却不悲伤，威严却不愤怒，慈爱而能决断，有哀怜无罪者的好心肠。因此，孔子把这篇《吕刑》选进《尚书》里。
　　古书上说，“奖赏时如有可疑者应该照样留在应赏之列，为的是推广恩泽；处罚时遇有可疑者则从应罚之列除去，”为的是谨慎地使用刑法。尧当政时，皋陶是掌管刑法的官。要处死一个人，皋陶三次说当杀，尧帝却一连三次说应当宽恕。所以天下人都害怕皋陶执法坚决，而赞美帝尧用刑宽大。四岳建议：“鲧可以任用。”尧说“不可！鲧违抗命令，毁谤同族。”过后，他还是说“试用一下吧。”为什么尧不听从皋陶处死犯人的主张，却听从四岳任用鲧的建议呢？那么圣人的心意，从这里可以看出来了。
　　《尚书》说：“罪行轻重有可疑时，宁可从轻处置；功劳大小有疑处，宁可从重奖赏。与其错杀无辜的人，宁可犯执法失误的过失。”唉！这句话完全表现出忠厚之意。可以赏也可以不赏时，赏就过于仁慈了；可以罚也可以不罚时，罚就超出义法了。过于仁慈，还不失为一个君子；超出义法，就流为残忍了。所以，仁慈可以超过，义法是不可超过的。古人奖赏不用爵位和俸禄，刑罚不用刀锯。用爵位、俸禄行赏，只对能得到爵位、俸禄的人起作用，不能影响不能得到爵位和俸禄的人。用刀锯作刑具，只对受这种刑的人起作用，对不受这种刑的人不起作用。古代君主知道天下的善行是赏不完的，不能都用爵位俸禄来奖赏；也知道天下的罪恶是罚不完的，不能都用刀锯来制裁。所以当赏罚有疑问时，就以仁爱之心对待。用君子长者的宽厚仁慈对待天下人，使天下人都相继回到君子长者的忠厚仁爱之道上来，所以说这就是赏罚忠厚到了极点啊！
　　《经》说：“君子如果高兴纳谏，祸乱就会快速止息；君子如果怒斥谗言，祸乱也会快速止息。”君子止息祸乱，难道有异术吗？他不过是适时地控制自己的喜怒，不偏离仁慈宽大的原则罢了。《春秋》的大义是，立法贵严，责人贵宽。根据它的褒贬原则来制定赏罚制度，这也是忠厚之至啊！

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译文注释

⑴吁俞：吁，疑怪声；俞，应词也。
⑵欢休：和善也。
⑶惨戚：悲哀也。
⑷吕侯：人名，一作甫侯，周穆王之臣，为司寇。周穆王用其言论作刑法。
⑸祥刑：刑而谓之祥者，即刑期无刑之意，故其祥莫大焉。
⑹赏疑从与：言与赏而疑，则宁可与之。
⑺罚疑从去：言当罚而疑，则宁可去之。
⑻士：狱官也。
⑼四岳：唐尧之臣，羲和之四子也，分掌四方之诸侯。一说为一人名。
⑽鲧：传说大禹之父，四凶之一。
⑾方命：逆名也。
⑿圯族：犹言败类也。
⒀忍人：谓性情狠戾之人也。
⒁祉：犹喜也。
⒂遄：速也。
⒃沮：止也。

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